Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed

Tiffany Torrez Since the soonest days America has been thought of as a place that is known for fresh new chances and a spot in which individuals could get away from strict oppression. America was one of only a handful hardly any spots in the 1800’s where individuals had the option to custom writers expand their social and prudent status. Everything about America was tempting such a large number of individuals moved here. One issue that individuals in different nations confronted was that there was no strict opportunity. As per the Maryland Act of Tolerance the United States would guarantee strict opportunity to all Catholics and Protestants (1). Another factor that drove individuals out of their nations was that reality that in numerous nations there were thoughtful wars going on. In the event that you were gotten on an inappropriate side of a common war you would be detained or leveled executed (3). There were additionally an assortment of employments accessible in America rather than different nations where it was close to difficult to secure any position (2). Outsiders saw America as a place that is known for new chances at life since it was conceivable to seek after their fantasies. Workers who would never possess their own property could purchase land and bring in cash (4). Totally free instruction was another fascination that America brought to the table. This was so acceptable in such a case that somebody got an instruction they had the option to set off for college and find a genuine line of work and make a better than average measure of cash. In different nations school was an extravagance for just well off children (5). There were various kinds of employments, for example, metal forger, wheelwright, cooper, ECT. Since the start there was continually something for everybody in America. Climate it were a decent factor about the U.S. or then again an awful factor about their nation something consistently urged individuals to come here When the new century rolled over, settlers steamed into Ellis Island to get away from political Persecution, Religious Persecution and neediness, in return Forever Liberty, and Pursuit of Happi... Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed Free Essays on Nickel And Dimed Tiffany Torrez Since the soonest days America has been thought of as a place that is known for new chances at life and a spot in which individuals could get away from strict oppression. America was one of only a handful not many spots in the 1800’s where individuals had the option to build their social and efficient status. Everything about America was luring such a large number of individuals moved here. One issue that individuals in different nations confronted was that there was no strict opportunity. As per the Maryland Act of Tolerance the United States would guarantee strict opportunity to all Catholics and Protestants (1). Another factor that drove individuals out of their nations was that reality that in numerous nations there were considerate wars going on. In the event that you were gotten on an inappropriate side of a common war you would be detained or leveled slaughtered (3). There were additionally an assortment of employments accessible in America instead of different nations where it was close to difficult to secure any position (2). Workers saw America as a place that is known for fresh chances to succeed in light of the fact that it was conceivable to seek after their fantasies. Laborers who would never possess their own property could purchase land and bring in cash (4). Totally free training was another fascination that America brought to the table. This was so acceptable supposing that somebody got an instruction they had the option to head off to college and find a genuine line of work and make a good measure of cash. In different nations school was an extravagance for just well off children (5). There were various sorts of occupations, for example, metal forger, wheelwright, cooper, ECT. Since the start there was continually something for everybody in America. Climate it were a decent factor about the U.S. or on the other hand an awful factor about their nation something consistently urged individuals to come here When the new century rolled over, settlers steamed into Ellis Island to get away from political Persecution, Religious Persecution and destitution, in return Forever Liberty, and Pursuit of Happi...

Does Science Aim at the Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Does Science Aim at the Truth - Essay Example Different logicians have additionally expanded Plato’s thoughts on information, particularly by concentrating on how convictions can be isolated from certainties. In Discourse, Descartes (1985, p. 131) says that something must be known whether you trust it, on the off chance that it is truth, and on the off chance that you have proof supporting the conviction. This is like Plato’s approach. The main contrast is that Descartes adopts a somewhat progressively reasonable strategy and consider how individuals can legitimize their faith in something. The appropriate response is that individuals legitimize their conviction by means of proof. On the off chance that they have proof that bolsters their conviction, they have motivation to state that their conviction is valid. This proposes the logical methodology depends on finding reality, since it likewise utilizes proof to help convictions. Another thinker that gives data on the theme is Lonergan. The focal point of Lonergan’s reasoning is the way thoughts are made and used to make information. In Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (1957, p. 32) Lonergan contends that people gain information by scrutinizing the information that is achieved as a matter of fact. As per Lonergan, realities and information are situated in all actuality. Nonetheless, individuals don't naturally have a comprehension of realities and information. Rather, individuals need to increase a comprehension by addressing and thinking about their experience. Now and again, individuals will make presumptions about the world dependent on experience. They will at that point test these suppositions to check whether they are right. In proposing this view, Lonergan isn't discussing a logical methodology, however is just discussing how individuals find out about the world and obtain information. Interestingly, his methodology reflects the logical s trategy. The logical metho

The benefits of Massage on depression and anxiety Research Paper

The advantages of Massage on melancholy and uneasiness - Research Paper Example There are different schools of back rub, which yields different types of back rub. Back rub specialists much of the time consolidate a few procedures, albeit a few advisors (perfectionists) stick to one strategy. There are a few kinds of back rub, for example, fragrance based treatment, reflexology, shiatsu rub, unwinding knead, and therapeutic back rub. Profound tissue knead for the most part uses upgraded strain to arrive at more profound degrees of muscles (Karen et al. 442). Shiatsu knead likewise utilizes profound weight, while neuromuscular back rub utilizes solid strain to weaknesses (trigger focuses). There are a few hypotheses that endeavor to clarify how back rub may function; notwithstanding, none of the propelled speculations has satisfactorily been end up being valid (Field et al. 125). Some back rub advisors and back rub treatment schools state that back rub separates calcium stores inside the muscle; be that as it may, there is no target approval of this declaration. A few types of back rub, for example, pressure point massage, reflexology, and Rolfing Structural Integration have expand hypotheses behind them, yet there exists no logical proof to back the speculations (Dryden and Moyer 94). Another propelled clarification subtleties that back rub encourages recuperating by diminishing the frequency of stress and achieving unwinding. Back rub likewise satisfies the fundamental human should be contacted. Back rub treatment remains transcendently utilized to diminish solid pressure and convey unwinding. Back rub is touted to be useful as a guide in the treatment of a wide assortment of conditions, for example, a lack of ability to concentrate consistently scatter (ADD), mental imbalance, asthma, dermatitis, low back agony, neck torment, spinal string injury, and bedsores. Despite the fact that there is an assortment of proof calling attention to that back rub might be useful for various types of clinical purposes, the proof on the adequacy of back rub isn't solid (Dryden and Moyer 95). A few reasons can be refered to for this, with the most exceptional being that even with

Difference in Lymphatic Function in Health and Disease State Essay

Theoretical Elite Liquid Chromatography has been utilized to advance an expository method for the assessment of the substance of paracetamol in the mass, dose structures and in pee, a body liquid. Partition and goals have been accomplished with a mix of methanol and 2.5% acidic corrosive (15:85) on a switched stage section at encompassing temperature. Elution was isocratic with UV identification at 257nm. Inside standard alignment strategy was utilized for quantitation with caffeine as the inner norm. Mean maintenance times for paracetamol and caffeine were separately 2.61  ± 0.13 min and 11.98  ± 0.72 min . The adjustment bend was straight over the range 0.1-5.0î ¼g/ml. The strategy was likewise appropriate for the test of paracetamol-codeine blend medicate just as estimation of the measure of constituents in pee when the frequency of UV identification was 245 nm with acetanilide as the inner norm. Watchwords: Chromatography, isocratic, inner norm, in vivo and in vitro Presentation Paracetamol (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide) tablets are recorded among the basic medications chose for the human services conveyance framework in Ghana. Gracious NHCOCH3 Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Paracetamol Paracetamol is a lot of utilized for antipyresis and absense of pain without remedy. The medication is valuable in gentle to direct agony, for example, cerebral pain, myalgia and baby blues torment. It is a generally excellent option for gentle to direct agony in patients who can't take ibuprofen in view of allergy,â haemophilia, history of peptic ulcer and asthma. (Katzung, 1989). Because of the Ghana government’s arrangement of nonexclusive recommending, the progression of exchange and import laws, and the ever-expanding number of pharmaceutical enterprises, a wide scope of paracetamol items show up on the Ghanaian market. As per the Ghana National Drugs Policy, just medications complying with broadly acknowledged as well as universally perceived quality guidelines will be allowed to be obtained and conveyed in the nation (Ghana National Drugs Policy, 1999). Any examination along these lines intended to screen and improve the quality assessment of pharmaceutical items both at the hour of enlistment and post-advertise is fundamental in the approach and specialized rules of medication administrative specialists, for example, the Food and Drugs Board. Such an examination additionally benefits the Ghana Health Service as in acquirement staff, prescribers, gadgets and patients approach high-caliber and effectual medication items. Pharmaceutical enterprises may likewise have basic diagnostic techniques for both in-process and completed item assessments. The HPLC has been utilized to decide paracetamol in tablets. Franeta et al (2002) utilized the HPLC for theâ 19 concurrent assurance of acetylsalicylic corrosive, paracetamol, caffeine and phenobarbital in tablets on a turned around stage section utilizing a blend of acetonitrile and water (25:75 v/v) changed in accordance with pH 2.5 with phosphoric corrosive. The Bio Rad 1801 UV-Vis identifier was utilized (207 nm). Ramos-Martos et al (2001) additionally portrayed a quick turned around stage HPLC strategy with UV recognition for the synchronous assurance of acetylsalicylic corrosive, caffeine, codeine, paracetamol, pyridoxine and thiamine in pharmaceutical arrangements utilizing two progressive eluants of water for 5 minutes and acetonitrile-water (75: 25 v/v) for 9 minutes, both eluants acclimated to pH 2.1 with phosphoric corrosive. Codeine was resolved at 240 nm while the rest were distinguished at 285 nm. Okine et al (2003) utilized a blend of methanol and 0.05M NaH2PO4 (17:83), pH 2.0 with UV identification (273 nm) for eluting ascorbic corrosive, paracetamol and caffeine joined in a tablet. Aside from the significant expense of acetonitrile for routine investigation, the frameworks were not specific for unaltered paracetamol in pee. It in this way gets basic to develop a framework that is financially savvy and particular for parac etamol in the mass powder, measurements structures and organic liquids, for example, blood and pee for simpler daily schedule in vitro and in vivo checking of medication tests. Exploratory Parts of the Liquid Chromatograph Siphon: Spectra System P100 (Spectra Physics) Identifier: Spectra 100 Variable Wavelength Detector (Spectra Physics) Integrator: CR501 Chromatopac (Schimadzu) Test Injector: Syringe stacking test injector fitted with an outside 20â µl circle (Model no. 8125-095) Stationary stage: Spherisorb HPLC segment, S10 ODS2 (10cm, 4.6mm) Materials Pure paracetamol powder (Chemcon GmbH, Germany), Paracetamol tablets (Phyto-Riker Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol tablets ( PZ Co Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol tablets (Tylenol Forte, Cilag Ltd., Switzerland), Paracetamol-codeine mix item (Paracod, Phyto-Riker Ltd., Ghana), Paracetamol-codeine mix item (Co-codamol, Alpharma, UK), clear pee test, deionised water, pee tests with unaltered medication and medication metabolites, methanol (BDH), acidic corrosive (BDH), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (BDH), caffeine (BDH), salbutamol sulfate (Shubhmets, Mumbai, India), citrus extract (Acid India) and phenyl ethanolamine (Blue Bird, Mumbai, India) Strategy Design Considerations Data on the physico-concoction properties of paracetamol and different synthetic concoctions above were looked. Subtleties considered incorporate dissolvability properties, compound structures, corrosive separation constants (pka), level of immaculateness, soundness in arrangement and bright light retention design in acidic, fundamental and impartial media with their individual frequencies of most extreme assimilation (Moffat, 1986; British Pharmacopeia, 2000). The substances were found respectably polar. In light of their extremity, switched stage HPLC wasâ considered progressively material on the grounds that in this mode, a nonpolar fixed stage and a polar portable stage were used with the goal that increasingly polar substances were eluted before the generally nonpolar. The distinctions in the physico-concoction properties of paracetamol and different synthetic substances supported in choosing an inner standard for the examination since they all cooperated diversely with a picke d mix of portable stage to give a chromatogram of various detachments, goals and maintenance times. Different mixes of methanol/phosphate cushion and methanol/water (pH and ionic quality altered with acidic corrosive) were attempted so as to improve segment limit factor for division and goals. Every centralization of phosphate support or water (different pH) was joined with methanol in different extents, beginning with a 50:50 blend and slowly expanding and diminishing the fluid substance while checking their particular consequences for partition and goals. All the portable stage blends attempted could elute both paracetamol in the mass powder and tablet lattice with sensible maintenance, however not the various synthetic concoctions being considered for an interior norm (caffeine, salbutamol, citrus extract and phenyl ethanolamine). Some had poor goals and following pinnacles while others had poor goals and unduly long maintenance times. A portion of the versatile stage blends that could advantageously separate and resolve paracetamol in vitro couldn't separate and resolve clear (pee from a sound individual before medicate was directed) spiked with a standard arrangement of paracetamol. Further adjusting the mix proportion, ionic quality and pH of the portable stage delivered the ideal framework that could sufficiently resolve paracetamol in the mass powder, tablet lattice, spiked clear pee and unaltered paracetamol and other paracetamol metabolitesâ excreted in pee. Among the rundown of synthetic concoctions for an inner norm, caffeine was discovered the best under the ideal chromatographic states of the examination. The best portable stage blend was methanol/2.5 % acidic corrosive (15:85). Elution was isocratic in light of the fact that a solitary portable stage blend was utilized. After different examinations, the best frequency of most extreme retention for UV identification was 257 nm, assimilation unit portion scale (aufs) forâ quantitative recognition of the analyte at little fixations , 0.5, stream pace of versatile stage, 1.5 ml/min and diagram recorder speed, 5 mm/min. Arrangement of versatile stage The volume of blends don't generally rise to the aggregate of the different volumes making up the blend because of contrasts in thickness and other physical factors, for example, volume extension and compression. The portable stage was along these lines arranged by estimating independently the volume of every part and combining them. Every single portable stage arranged were separated through a film channel before use. Approval of Analytical Method Different parameters can be assessed for approving any recently evolved expository framework. These incorporate linearity, exactness, precision, affectability and correlation with other standard strategies. Correlation of new strategy with standard spectrophotometric technique, (BP, 2000) The technique was applied to paracetamol items from three pharmaceutical organizations. Twenty tablets of each of the trial paracetamol items were weighed together and finely powdered. An amount of the powder containing 0.15g of paracetamol (0.1692g of Phyto-Riker Paracetamol, 0.1578g of PZ Paracetamol and 0.2001g of Tylenol Forte) was gauged and quantitatively moved into a 200ml volumetric flagon with 50ml of 0.1M NaOH and afterward weakened with 100ml of refined water and shaken precisely for 15 minutes. Adequate refined water was then added to create 200ml. After filtration, further weakenings were made with refined water to such an extent that the last convergence of paracetamol in arrangement w as 0.00075 %w/v and the NaOH, 0.01 M. The absorbance of the subsequent arrangement was then taken in triplicate with the Cecil 7020 twofold shaft UV spectrophotometer at a frequency of 257nm with quartz cuvette of way length 1 cm utilizing 0.01 M NaOH as the clear dissolvable. New Method For every one of the test brands, test arrangement was finished by pulverizing 20 tablets. An amount of the powder

Revitalization of the Daugava Riverside by the City of Riga

Urban contextHistory and urban development alterationsRiga is the capital of Latvia which is a Northern province of Europe. The city is acceptable known by the Historic nation engraved in UNESCO’s World Heritage List on 4 December 1997, is considered of one of the biggest and dynamic city in Northern Europe whit the whole nation is 304,2 square kilometers and the populace around 713,000 in occupants. The Riga city has a truly long and bounty history which has an extraordinary impact to the urban setting of the city. Especially in the 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycentury, when World War I and World War II happened, the state is under controlled of Russian Empire ( 1721 †1917 ) , Germany ( 1917 †1918, 1941 †1944 ) and Soviet Union ( 1940 †1941, 1944 †1991 ) which changes the human progress each piece great as the way of life of individuals, the urban development and structural of the entire city is differed and complex. During the clasp of the Russian Empire and Germany, Riga is a seaport city which is the most vivacious and dynamic with more than 800,000 modern laborers from Baltic state, Riga become the third biggest city in term of the figure of laborers after Moscow and Saint Peterburg. The estimation of the Daugava waterway and its waterfront was upgraded however it is commanded for ports and factories. As an outcome, the number of inhabitants in Riga city expanded quickly which obliged the interest of housing and infinites. More houses were fabricated however orchestrating to Russian military mandate, the individuals only have the consent to develop wooden house in rural areas. In 1812, the wooden houses were annihilated by war and they were modified yet at the same time follow the old wooden signifier. In mid-nineteenth century, the wooden houses have brought up in figure and became encircled the city community. These houses these days is a legacy and influences firmly to the safeguarding arr angement and urban hypothesis. In 1860, another maestro program with road, squares of level, substitute building and park were set up. Another rail course was opened which animated the advancement of rural areas and factories, Riga port at that clasp has the most elevated gross in Russian Empire, the waterway bank was grown quickly. It prompted a result that the financial framework and the city life existed with a solid association which is the central nature of the improvement undertaking in the great beyond. In the time of So Viet Union, another urban program was affirmed with the structure of the enormous graduated table housing undertaking each piece known as â€Å"mikrorayon† and the railroad belt environing the city place. Other than that, the development with the basic stature, for example, Television tower ( 368m ) , Latvian foundation of logical control ( 108m ) were worked, alongside it Numberss of design inclinations were showed up in the urban setting of Riga and one of those is the Art Nouveau which have explicit engineering and the limitation of building height of 5 stories. The modifications in urban development in the Soviet Union occasions have the strong effects on the strategy of protection in the present clasp each piece so as the high limitation of building in the city. Riga city from holding independency rock dirt now ( 1991 †presently ) has the significant turn of events. After 1995, city began to reproduce the important structure and housing which is considered as a thunder in working at that cut, the administration and new guide buildings was set up in suburbia, endeavors have been made to recuperate social image, notable worth and houses which are lost after the second World War. In the Riga specific program of 2006 †2025, the new Riga place has been made with the dreams: arranged as a nation which is differentiate the Old Riga in the correct bank of Daugava stream in a cutting edge design and development, brimming with guide and administrations in which concern maps play as an of import work. Decrease in movement power per unit region in the Old Riga community where the old dissemination framework to ensure the sparing expectation of the old site. A universal rivalry was hold by City of Riga to design the new Riga along the left bank of the Daugava River at that clip.Site contextThe riverbank of Daugava screens truly larges regions in the whole cityscape nation and travel alongside the advancement of Riga through recorded course of events when the city monetary framework and everyday life have a steady nexus with the stream Bankss. From the clasp when Riga was found as of not long ago, the waterway has an each irreplaceable bit non simply on the grounds that it is a city normal part yet adjacent to the finding in arranging and spacial singularity of the city. For outline, during the clasp of Russian Empire and Soviet Union, on account of the incredible capacity in H2O travel and industry, the city development has changed for the purpose of working housing for representatives and structure railroad nations. From the actually right away time of 13Thursdaycentury, the foundation of Riga city was changed, for working and connecting nautical with waterway travel by flatboats on Daugava, the merchandisers in Riga hav e made a vivacious exchanging city focus, the course framework, developing quality and detached boundless was improved for replenishing concern and weight. Until the 19Thursdaycentury, as a result of the fast industrialisation, the advancement of railways web and the dike of port establishments, the segment of the ricer, for example, islands, waterfront, and so forth was changed with the structure of modern articles and distribution centers. It is thought to be an agreeable clasp of Riga Port each piece known as the significant port of the Russian Empire. Toward the start of 20Thursdaycentury, a bit of Riga port was as yet arranged right inverse the Old city place. The guide of the market and the seaport was terminal in 1930 when the Central Market was set up and expansive open unbounded were made in the city community. In World War II, the waterway Bankss of Daugava were crushed, until 1949, they were recreate for essential and neighborhood travel requests. The port created more gr ounded in lower Daugava, close to the Bay of Riga. At a similar clasp, the creating industrialized nations along the riverbank showed up structurally distractively and prevent the handiness of residents. Presents, Riga city has a create program to work and reproduce the estimation of the left bank and the correct bank of Daugava stream. The bing issue is crossing the stream by Bridgess causes car influxes in flurry hours as a result of the skyscraper of automobiles and individual travel implies. The infinites of Daugava waterway is characterized by its abandoned Bankss and aquatorium which is non viewed as a part of fuse urban condition in truly and mentally. In any case, because of the effects in spacial creating and urban improvement in the days of old, the Daugava waterway can be comprehended as ‘the stream of possibilities’( Dace Kalvane, 2010 ) . Its infinites can do a general situation of city position and lift. Notwithstanding, the handiness is forestall by bing bases, for example, range dish slants and blood vessel streets which take bringing down the risks of stream Bankss redevelopment and collaboration for open network with waterfronts. The bustling traffic st reams separate the strolling waies and redirection zones from the waterway Bankss. There is an inadequacy of bicycle streets framework in Daugava stream nations. Those things prompted a result that the stream is about relinquished, it turned out to be all the more unmistakably when the old advancements which were made in the days of old have lost their capacity in city financial framework and ebb and flow improvements have no association with the waterway. The improvement plans for Riga city from 2006 to 2025 hope to quicken the nexus with Daugava for doing a functioning waterfront. Subsequently, a fluctuated augmentation of the riverbanks from various nations, for example, compartment port and product house nation will be created. The structure of business, touristry destinations, trite walk ways and bicycle streets which start from suburbia to city focus would be an intriguing vision of substructures.Undertaking analysingUndertaking debutThe building, recovery of Daugava riverbank and new present day urban one-fourth every piece great as its employments being developed has become a test and boss request in a few rivalries and workshops hold by the City of Riga. One of those is the culmination named â€Å"The planned structure on Mukusalas Street, Buru Street un Kilevina Ditch† happened in 2006 to 2007. As the victor of this opposition, the endeavor called â€Å"City of squares city of towers† presented a major nation of new urban tissue on the left bank of Daugava waterway which is inverse with Old Riga community and has the central quality is the H2O components and its of import work in the history. The endeavor has a place with the augmentation of ensured UNESCO zone. The proposed maestro program incorporates the improvement of an arrangement of squares, open infinites, blend utilized building and flexibleness. Those squares and towers contribute in determining their dynamic encompassing and development nation. Besides, providing plausible guidelines to ensure a verbalized fellowship become more cardinal than the components make it. The main purposes of this endeavor is the frameworks of squares and tower which make the edge position of create nation of Riga city. The new create nation is the hypothetical record of since quite a while ago run vison of the city, make another full guide which partition the power per unit zone of travel and tenant with the Old Riga place, helping with sparing the development and legacy which is the most point gone to in embraced over the universe in overall and in Europe unconventionally. In the article â€Å"Measuring urb

New Student Photo Entry #14 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #14 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first three photos come from Yun Dong, incoming MIA student. Forbiden city, taken in June, 2009, in Beijing. This is the entrance to the Forbidden City, which was absolutely inaccessible for common people 2 hundred years ago. But now, the lion used to represent royal authority has become a welcoming symbol for worldwide travelers. Debate, taken in August 2007, in Tibet. The Lamas gather to debate about the sutra they have studied, which is kind of a test. A Lama must answer the question asked by the teacher in front of everyone. If he got it wrong, he would be booed. Because of the pressure, they often move constantly like clapping hands or stomping feet to keep up their courage. Pilgrim, taken in August 2007, in Tibet. I met these pilgrims on the highway, who were on their way to Lhasa, the religious. Even with modern transportation, they stuck to the traditional way: every few steps, they would worship with legs, arms and forehead touching the ground. You can notice some special gears on their hands, feet and elbows to protect themselves. They money they gathered on the way would be donated to the temple once they arrived. _______________________________________ The following three photos come from incoming MIA student Thomas Ritzer. The first photo was taken on our boat trip from Siem Reap to Battambang via the Tonle Sap lake and the Stung Sangker river. Impressed by the amazing scenery I could not resist to try and be a little artistic by taking this photo of a Cambodian man relaxing on our boat. The second photo was taken in Battambang while we were waiting for the so called Bamboo Train cobbled together with a wooden or metal frame, bamboo planking, a moped engine, and old military tank wheels and axles. The occasional appearance of such a train was always a big hit with the kids hanging out at the train stop. The third photo shows our bamboo train with kids playing on our mopeds and the train driver posing in front of it.

Sexuality and Culture in The House on Mango Street and Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe - Literature Essay Samples

In latinx children’s literature, there are themes that are more prevalent in this genre than other. In Sandra Cisneross The House on Mango Street and Benjamin Saenz’s Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe, the two latinx protagonists Esperanza and Aristotle deal with sexuality and gender roles, family relationships, and racial and ethnic identity. The coming of age stories of Esperanza and Aristotle display the unique struggle that comes with being a young adult of a minority heritage and the how their culture becomes an additional factor in themes throughout the text. Like other coming of age stories in The House on Mango Street and Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe the main protagonists are growing and begin to learn a lot about their sexuality and the gender roles of the environments that they live in. It is made clear early on that Esperanza understands the gender roles in the latinx community when referring to her grandmother, â€Å"She was a horse woman too, born like me in the Chinese year of the horse which is supposed to be bad luck if you’re born female – but I think this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the Mexicans, don’t like their woman strong† (Cisneros,10). Based on what she has seen growing up in her own family Esperanza can see that in Mexican families the women are expected to be more submissive. Esperanza’s sexual and gender experience can be reflected in her relationship with Sally. Sally and her relationships showcase what is considered normal or acceptable in the latinx community where the woman are discouraged to speak out against domestic abuse. Sally herself is abused but tries to justify the actions by stating that she is never hit hard, however Esperanza notes that her skin is always scarred. The true extent of her abuse is shown when Esperanza states,† But Sally doesn’t tell about the time that he hit her with his hands just like a dog, she said, like if I was an animal.†(Cisneros, 92). Esperanza not only understands the amount of abuse happening in her community but also that the woman know about this and complicit with the abuse. When at a carnival waiting for Sally Esperanza is sexually assaulted and her response shows how frustrated she is with this how abuse it treated around her. â€Å"Sally Sally a hundred times. Why didn’t you hear me when I called? Why didn’t you tell them to leave me alone?† (Cisneros, 100). Esperanza shows more frustration with Sally then her attackers because just as Sally’s mother knows of her abuse Esperanza understands how abuse against women is handled in her community. While Aristotle does not face the same problems in the community that Esperanza faces being a girl, being gay in a latinx community that is often very tied to Catholicism. It is while Ari is still in denial of his feelings for Dante that he learns about his aunt Ophelia being a lesbian and the divide it caused in their family. There was standing-room-only at her funeral mass. â€Å"It was obvious that she had been deeply loved. By everyone except her family.† (Saenz,66). While Ari had not yet come out and admitted he had feelings for Dante what happened with his aunt and his brother were to examples of how homosexuality and gender were viewed in his community. Ari older brother who is a sore subject in his house was tricked when approaching a prostitute and ended up killing the man out of rage. His aunt who was a lesbian was essentially kicked out of the family because of this and was treated like an outsider even until her death. Ari tries very hard to follow what is consider ed normal because of the family drama revolving around anything to do with homosexuality. The negative connotation around homosexuality in his community has a lingering effect on Ari, continuing to deny his feelings even when he is surrounded by family and friends that would accept him. Another factor that effects Esperanza and Ari uniquely because of their latinx heritage is family relationships. Families in Hispanic communities are often larger than normal and more close knit. Esperanza experiences this more traditional style being close to her siblings. If you dont get them you may turn into a man. â€Å"Nenny says this and she believes it. She is this way because of her age. Thats right, I add before Lucy or Rachel can make fun of her. She is stupid alright, but she is my sister.† (Cisneros,50). Although Esperanza sometimes fights with her siblings she does love them and they are like friends to her. Being Latina and being new to the area Espiranza’s family also gives her a sense of belonging and a place where she fits in. On the other hand, Ari is more of an outsider even in his own family. My twin sisters were twelve years older. â€Å"Twelve years was a lifetime. I swear it was. And they’d always made me feel like a baby or a toy or a pr oject or a pet†¦Maybe all that silence about my brother did something to me. I think it did. Not talking can make a guy pretty lonely (Saenz, 3). Ari has not only a distant relationship with is older siblings because of the age gap but also with his father, a veteran who doesn’t talk or share much since returned from war. Ari shows how this family disconnect has affected his self-esteem and caused him to be more of an outcast. The same struggles experienced in their family lives are also present in how Esperanza and Aristotle have trouble finding their own identity. Because Aristotle and Esperanza are both from latinx communities they not only have trouble finding out where they fit in but also how their culture plays a role in their identity. Esperanza’s name is a symbol of this struggle â€Å"In English my name means hope. In Spanish it means too many letters. It means sadness, it means waiting.†(Cisneros,10). Esperanza hates her name, she dislikes how difficult it is to pronounce and wishes she had a simpler name finally landing on the name Zeze the X as a name she wishes she could have, a name easy to say but does not reflect her culture at all. Her name is one aspect which causes Esperanza to feel like an outsider. This among other things is a way that she compares herself to her siblings and peers in her path to find out where she belongs. Although Esperanza’s family gives her some sense of belonging, in her eyes she finds that her siblings are closer to normal and often wishes to be more like them. However, Aristotleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s main problem with his identity is his sexual orientation. It is because of his family and the culture he grew up in that he is inclined to feel ashamed of what he was feeling for Dante. â€Å"From the minute I’d met Dante, I had fallen in love with him. I just didn’t let myself know it, think it, feel it. My father was right. And it was true what my mother said. We all fight our own private wars.† (Saenz,80). Aristotle had spent so much time fighting this battle over his identity that even when the people around him expressed that what he may have been feeling would have been fine he continued to fight back because of the inner struggle he was facing. Aristotle is haunted by the memory of his aunt and his brother that he feels it would be easier for him and everyone if he tries to push his feelings away. Ultimately, it is when Esperanza and Aristotle accept their environment and their own personal characteristics that they are happy and obtain a sense of belonging, Esperanza understanding what the house on mango street means to her and Aristotle being able to express himself with Dante. Esperanza and Aristotle are both adolescence growing up in a latinx community or family and through their journeys they give a unique perspective of a different kind of coming of age story. Both characters experience exploring gender and sexuality in their communities, family relationships, and their own identities as latinx adolescence. Both text explore what it means to be latinx and how the culture can have an added effect on these difficult situations that teens go through.